seaweed cultivation

Balancing carbon cycles: fisheries, aquaculture, and ocean governance

Not all carbon stored in marine life counts as atmospheric carbon dioxide removal. A critical narrative review reassesses the concept of carbon sink fisheries, developed in Chinese research, through an ecological-economic-social lens. Calcification, respiration, and postharvest fate constrain what qualifies as durable removal. The authors propose a practical governance sequence: define the intervention, evaluate evidence, and report removal separately from avoided emissions. System dynamics remains a promising tool for testing trade-offs.